湿地鸟类是湿地野生动物中最具代表性的类群,是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,灵敏和深刻地反映着湿地环境的变迁。
据统计,目前我国有湿地水鸟12目32科271种,其中属国家重点保护的水鸟有10目18科56种,属国家保护的有益或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的水鸟有10目25科195种。按居留型可分为夏候鸟、冬候鸟、留鸟和旅鸟4类,其中大部分是候鸟和旅鸟。在亚洲57种濒危鸟类中,中国湿地内就有31种,占54%;全世界鹤类有15种,中国有记录的就有9种,占60%;全世界雁鸭类有166种,中国湿地就有50种,占30%。
我国湿地水鸟的分布是与各地的气候、水文、植被等自然地理特点相适应的。北方处于寒温带和温带,种类以夏候鸟和旅鸟占优势;南方处于亚热带和热带,种类以冬候鸟和留鸟占优势。很多水鸟都是在北方繁殖,到南方越冬。
序号 | 中文名 | 学名 | 英文名 |
---|---|---|---|
潜鸟目 gaviiformes | |||
潜鸟科 gaviidae (4) | |||
1 | 红喉潜鸟 | gavia stellata | red-throated diver |
2 | 太平洋潜鸟 | gavia pacifica | pacific diver |
3 | 黑喉潜鸟 | gavia arctica | black-throated diver |
4 | 白嘴潜鸟 | gavia adamsii | white-billed diver |
䴙䴘目 podicipediformes | |||
䴙䴘科 podicipedidae (5) | |||
5 | 小䴙䴘 | tachybaptus ruficollis | little grebe |
6 | 角䴙䴘 | podiceps auritus | horned grebe |
7 | 黑颈䴙䴘 | podiceps nigricollis | black-necked grebe |
8 | 凤头䴙䴘 | podiceps cristatus | great crestedgrebe |
9 | 赤颈䴙䴘 | podiceps grisegena | red-necked grebe |
鹱形目 procellariiformes | |||
信天翁科 diomedeidae(2) | |||
10 | 短尾信天翁 | diomedea albatrus | short-tailedalbatross |
11 | 黑脚信天翁 | diomedea nigripes | black-footed albatross |
鹱科 procellariidae(8) | |||
12 | 暴风鹱 | fulmarus glacialis | pacific fulmar |
13 | 白额鹱 | puffinus leucomelas | white-frontedshearwater |
14 | 曳尾鹱 | puffinus pacificus | wedge-tailed shearwater |
15 | 灰鹱 | puffinus griseus | grey shearwater |
16 | 短尾鹱 | puffinus tenuirostris | short-tailedshearwater |
17 | 钩嘴圆尾鹱 | pterodroma rostrata | t ahiti petrel |
18 | 点额圆尾鹱 | pterodroma hypoleuca | bonin petrel |
19 | 纯褐鹱 | bulweria bulwerii | bulwer's petrel |
海燕科 hydrobatidae(2) | |||
20 | 白腰叉尾海燕 | oceanodroma leucorhoa | fork-tailed storm petrel |
21 | 黑叉尾海燕 | oceanodroma monorhis | swinhoe's storm petrel |
鹈形目 pelacaniformes | |||
鸏科 phaethontidae(3) | |||
22 | 短尾鸏 | phaethon aethereus | short-tailed tropic-bird |
23 | 红尾鸏 | phaethon rubricauda | red-tailed tropic-bird |
24 | 白尾鸏 | phaethon lepturus | long-tailed tropic-bird |
鹈鹕科 pelecanidae (2) | |||
25 | 白鹈鹕 | pelecanus onocrotalus | eastern white pelican |
26 | 斑嘴鹈鹕 | pelecanus philippensis | spot-billed pelican |
鲣鸟科 sulidae(2) | |||
27 | 红脚鲣鸟 | sula sula | red-footed booby |
28 | 褐鲣鸟 | sula leucogaster | brown booby |
鸬鹚科 phalacrocoracidae (5) | |||
29 | [普通]鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax carbo | common cormorant |
30 | 斑头(绿)鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax capillatus | temminck's cormorant |
31 | 海鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax pelagicus | sea cormorant |
32 | 红脸鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax urile | red-faced cormorant |
33 | 黑颈鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax niger | little cormorant |
军舰鸟科 fregatidae(3) | |||
34 | 小军舰鸟 | fregata minor | lesser frigate bird |
35 | 白腹军舰鸟 | fregata andrwsi | christmas island frigate bird |
36 | 白斑军舰鸟 | fregata ariel | least frigate bird |
鹳形目 ciconiiformes | |||
鹭科 ardeidae (21) | |||
37 | 苍鹭 | ardea cinerea | grey heron |
38 | 草鹭 | ardea purpurea | purple heron |
39 | 绿鹭 | butorides striatus | little green heron |
40 | 池鹭 | ardeola bacchus | chinese pond heron |
41 | 牛背鹭 | bubulcus ibis | cattle egret |
42 | 白颈黑鹭 | egretta picata | pied heron |
43 | 大白鹭 | egretta alba | large egret |
44 | 白鹭 | egretta garzetta | little egret |
45 | 黄嘴白鹭 | egretta eulophotes | chinese egret |
46 | 岩鹭 | egretta sacra | reef heron |
47 | 中白鹭 | egretta intermedia | intermediate egret |
48 | 夜鹭 | nycticorax nycticorax | black-crowned night heron |
49 | 栗头虎斑鳽 | gorsachius goisagi | brown night heron |
50 | 海南虎斑鳽 | gorsachius magnificus | chinese night heron |
51 | 黑冠虎斑鳽 | gorsachius melanolophus | malay night heron |
52 | 小苇鳽 | ixobrychus minutus | little bittern |
53 | 黄苇鳽 | ixobrychus sinensis | yellow bittern |
54 | 紫背苇鳽 | ixobrychus eurhythmus | schrenck's bittern |
55 | 栗苇鳽 | ixobrychus cinnamomeus | cinnamon bittern |
56 | 黑鳽 | ixobrychus flavicollis | black bittern |
57 | 大麻鳽 | botaurus stellaris | great bittern |
鹳科 ciconiidae (5) | |||
58 | 彩鹳 | mycteria leucocephalus | painted stork |
59 | 白鹳 | ciconia ciconia | white stork |
60 | 东方白鹳 | ciconia boyciana | oriental white stork |
61 | 黑鹳 | ciconia nigra | black stork |
62 | 秃鹳 | leptoptilos javanicus | lesser adjutant stork |
鹮科 threskiornithidae (6) | |||
63 | [黑头]白鹮 | threskiornis melanocephalus | white ibis |
64 | 黑鹮 | pseudibis papillosa | black ibis |
65 | 朱鹮 | nipponia nippon | crested ibis |
66 | 彩鹮 | plegadis falcinella | glossy ibis |
67 | 白琵鹭 | platalea leucorodia | white spoonbill |
68 | 黑脸琵鹭 | platalea minor | black-faced spoonbill |
雁形目anseriformes | |||
鸭科 anatidae (47) | |||
69 | 黑雁 | branta bernicla | brant goose |
70 | 红胸黑雁 | branta ruficollis | red-breasted goose |
71 | 鸿雁 | anser cygnoides | swan goose |
72 | 豆雁 | anser fabalis | bean goose |
73 | 白额雁 | anser albifrons | white-fronted goose |
74 | 小白额雁 | anser erythropus | lesser white-fronted goose |
75 | 灰雁 | anser anser | greylag goose |
76 | 斑头雁 | anser indicus | bar-headed goose |
77 | 雪雁 | anser caerulescens | snow goose |
78 | 大天鹅 | cygnus cygnus | whooper swan |
79 | 小天鹅 | cygnus columbianus | whistling swan |
80 | 疣鼻天鹅 | cygnus olor | mute swan |
81 | [栗]树鸭 | dendrocygna javanica | lesser whistling teal |
82 | 赤麻鸭 | tadorna ferruginea | ruddy shelduck |
83 | 翘鼻麻鸭 | tadorna tadorna | common shelduck |
84 | 针尾鸭 | anas acuta | pintail |
85 | 绿翅鸭 | anas crecca | common teal |
86 | 花脸鸭 | anas formosa | baikal teal |
87 | 罗纹鸭 | anas falcata | falcated teal |
88 | 绿头鸭 | anas platyrhynchos | mallard |
89 | 斑嘴鸭 | anas poecilorhyncha | spotbill duck |
90 | 赤膀鸭 | anas strepera | gadwall |
91 | 赤颈鸭 | anas penelope | wigeon |
92 | 白眉鸭 | anas querquedula | garganey |
93 | 琵嘴鸭 | anas clypeata | shoveller |
94 | 云石斑鸭 | marmaronetta angustirostris | marbled teal |
95 | 赤嘴潜鸭 | netta rufina | red-crested pochard |
96 | 帆背潜鸭 | aythya valisineria | canvasback |
97 | 红头潜鸭 | aythya ferina | common pochard |
98 | 白眼潜鸭 | aythya nyroca | white-eyed pochard |
99 | 青头潜鸭 | aythya baeri | baer's pochard |
100 | 凤头潜鸭 | aythya fuligula | tufted duck |
101 | 斑背潜鸭 | aythya marila | scaup duck |
102 | 鸳鸯 | aix galericulata | mandarin duck |
103 | 棉凫 | nettapus coromandelianus | cotton teal |
104 | 瘤鸭 | sarkidiornis melanotos | comb duck |
105 | 小绒鸭 | polysticta stelleri | steller's eider |
106 | 黑海番鸭 | melanitta nigra | black scoter |
107 | 斑脸海番鸭 | melanitta fusca | white-winged scoter |
108 | 丑鸭 | histrionicus histrionicus | harlequin duck |
109 | 长尾鸭 | clangula hyemalis | long-tailed duck |
110 | 鹊鸭 | bucephala clangula | goldeneye |
111 | 白头硬尾鸭 | oxyura leucocephala | white-headed duck |
112 | 斑头秋沙鸭 | mergus albellus | smew |
113 | 中华秋沙鸭 | mergus squamatus | chinese merganser |
114 | 红胸秋沙鸭 | mergus serrator | red-breastedmerganser |
115 | 普通秋沙鸭 | mergus merganser | goosander |
隼形目falconiformes | |||
鹰科accipitridat(1) | |||
116 | 鹗 | pandion haliatus | osprey |
鹤形目gruiformes | |||
鹤科gruidae (9) | |||
117 | 灰鹤 | grus grus | common crane |
118 | 黑颈鹤 | grus nigricollis | black-necked crane |
119 | 白头鹤 | grus monacha | hooded crane |
120 | 沙丘鹤 | grus canadensis | shandhill crane |
121 | 丹顶鹤 | grus japonensis | red-crowned crane |
122 | 白枕鹤 | grus vipio | white-naped crane |
123 | 白鹤 | grusleucogeranus | siberian white crane |
124 | 赤颈鹤 | grus antigone | sarus crane |
125 | 蓑羽鹤 | anthropoides virgo | demoiselle crane |
秧鸡科rallidae (19) | |||
126 | 普通秧鸡 | rallus aquaticus | water rail |
127 | 蓝胸秧鸡 | rallus striatus | blue-breasted banded rail |
128 | 红腿斑秧鸡 | rallina fasciata | red-legged crake |
129 | 白喉斑秧鸡 | rallina eurizonoides | banded crake |
130 | 长脚秧鸡 | crex crex | corn crake |
131 | 白眉秧鸡 | porzana cinerea | ashy crake |
132 | 姬田鸡 | porzana parva | little crake |
133 | 小田鸡 | porzana pusilla | baillon's crake |
134 | 斑胸田鸡 | porzana porzana | spotted crake |
135 | 红胸田鸡 | porzana fusca | ruddy crake |
136 | 斑胁田鸡 | porzana paykullii | band-beilied crake |
137 | 棕背田鸡 | porzana bicolor | rufous-backed crake |
138 | 花田鸡 | porzana exquisita | swinhoe's yellow rail |
139 | 红脚苦恶鸟 | amaurornis akool | brown crake |
140 | 白胸苦恶鸟 | amaurornis phoenicurus | white-breasted waterhen |
141 | 董鸡 | gallicrex cinerea | water cock |
142 | 黑水鸡 | gallinula chloropus | moorhen |
143 | 紫水鸡 | porphyrio porphyrio | purple moorhen |
144 | 白骨顶 | fulica atra | coot |
鸻形目 charadriiformes | |||
雉鸻科 jacanidae (2) | |||
145 | 铜翅水雉 | metapidius indicus | bronge-winged jacana |
146 | 水雉 | hydrophasianus chirurgus | pheasant-tailed jacana |
彩鹬科 rostratulidae (1) | |||
147 | 彩鹬 | rostratula benghalensis | painted snipe |
蛎鹬科 haematopodidae (1) | |||
148 | 蛎鹬 | haematopus ostralegus | oystercatcher |
鸻科 charadriidae (15) | |||
149 | 凤头麦鸡 | vanellus vanellus | lapwing |
150 | 灰头麦鸡 | vanellus cinereus | grey-headed lapwing |
151 | 肉垂麦鸡 | vanellus indicus | red-wattledlapwing |
152 | 距翅麦鸡 | vanellus duvaucelii | spur-winged lapwing |
153 | 灰斑鸻 | pluvialis squatarola | grey plover |
154 | 金[斑]鸻 | pluvialis dominica | eastern golden plover |
155 | 剑鸻 | charadrius hiaticula | ringed plover |
156 | 长嘴剑鸻 | charadrius placidus | long-billed ringed plover |
157 | 金眶鸻 | charadrius dubius | little ringed plover |
158 | 环颈鸻 | charadrius alexandrinus | kentish plover |
159 | 蒙古沙鸻 | charadrius mongolus | mongolian plover |
160 | 铁嘴沙鸻 | charadrius leschenaultii | large sand plover |
161 | 红胸鸻 | charadrius asiaticus | caspian plover |
162 | 东方鸻 | charadrius veredus | eastern sand plover |
163 | 小嘴鸻 | eudromias morinellus | dotterel |
鹬科 scolopacidae (48) | |||
164 | 小杓鹬 | numenius minutus | little whimbrel |
165 | 中杓鹬 | numenius phaeopus | whimbrel |
166 | 白腰杓鹬 | numenius arquata | curlew |
167 | 红腰杓鹬 | numenius madagascariensis | red-rumped curlew |
168 | 黑尾塍鹬 | limosa limosa | black-tailed godwit |
169 | 斑尾塍鹬 | limosa lapponica | bar-tailed godwit |
170 | 红脚鹤鹬 | tringa erythropus | spotted redshank |
171 | 红脚鹬 | tringa totanus | redshank |
172 | 泽鹬 | tringa stagnatilis | marsh sandpiper |
173 | 青脚鹬 | tringa nebularia | greenshank |
174 | 白腰草鹬 | tringa ochropus | green sandpiper |
175 | 林鹬 | tringa glareola | wood sandpiper |
176 | 小青脚鹬 | tring a guttifer | armstrong's sandpiper |
177 | 小黄脚鹬 | tringa flavipes | lesser yellowlegs |
178 | 灰鹬 | tringa incana | grey sandpiper |
179 | 矶鹬 | tringa hypoleucos | common sandpiper |
180 | 灰尾漂鹬 | heteroscelus brevipes | grey-rumped sandpiper |
181 | 漂鹬 | heteroscelus incanus | gery sandpiper |
182 | 翘嘴鹬 | xenus cinereus | terek sandpiper |
183 | 翻石鹬 | arenaria interpres | turnstone |
184 | 长嘴鹬 | limnodromus scolopaceus | long-billed dowitcher |
185 | 半蹼鹬 | limnodromus semipalmatus | snipe-billed godwit |
186 | 孤沙锥 | gallinago solitaria | solitary snipe |
187 | 澳南沙锥 | gallinago hardwickii | latham's snipe |
188 | 林沙锥 | gallinago nemoricola | wood snipe |
189 | 针尾沙锥 | gallinago stenura | pintail snipe |
190 | 大沙锥 | gallinago megala | swinhoe's snipe |
191 | 扇尾沙锥 | gallinago gallinago | fantail snipe |
192 | 丘鹬 | scolopax rusticola | woodcock |
193 | 姬鹬 | lymnocryptes minimus | jack snipe |
194 | 红腹滨鹬 | calidris canutus | red knot |
195 | 大滨鹬 | calidris tenuirostris | great knot |
196 | 红胸滨鹬 | calidris ruficollis | red-necked stint |
197 | 西方滨鹬 | calidris mauri | western sandpiper |
198 | 长趾滨鹬 | calidris subminuta | long-toed stint |
199 | 小滨鹬 | calidris minuta | little stint |
200 | 乌脚滨鹬 | calidris temminckii | temminck's stint |
201 | 尖尾滨鹬 | calidris acuminata | sharp-tailed stint |
202 | 岩滨鹬 | calidris ptilocnemis | rock sand-piper |
203 | 黑腹滨鹬 | calidris alpina | dunlin |
204 | 弯嘴滨鹬 | calidris ferruginea | curlew stint |
205 | 斑胸滨鹬 | calidris melanotos | pectoral sandpiper |
206 | 三趾滨鹬 | crocethia alba | sanderling |
207 | 勺嘴鹬 | eurynorhynchus pygmeus | spoon-billedsandpiper |
208 | 阔嘴鹬 | limicola falcinellus | broad-billed sandpiper |
209 | 高跷鹬 | micropalama himantopus | stilt sandpiper |
210 | 黄胸鹬 | tryngites subruficillis | buff-breastedsandpiper |
211 | 流苏鹬 | philomachus pugnax | ruff |
反嘴鹬科 recurvirostridae (3) | |||
212 | 鹮嘴鹬 | ibidorhyncha struthersii | ibis-bill |
213 | 黑翅长脚鹬 | himantopus himantopus | black-winged stint |
214 | 反嘴鹬 | recurvirostra avosetta | pied avocet |
瓣蹼鹬科phalaropodidae (2) | |||
215 | 红颈瓣蹼鹬 | phalaropus lobatus | red-necked phalarope |
216 | 灰瓣蹼鹬 | phalaropus fulicarius | grey phalarope |
石鸻科burhinidae (2) | |||
217 | 大石鸻 | esacus magnirostris | great stone plover |
218 | 石鸻 | burhinus oedicnemus | stone curlew |
燕鸻科 glareolidae (2) | |||
219 | 普通燕鸻 | glareola maldivarum | oriental pratincole |
220 | 灰燕鸻 | glareola lactea | small pratincole |
鸥形目lariformes | |||
贼鸥科 stercorariidae (4) | |||
221 | 中贼鸥 | stercorarius pomarinus | pomatorhine skua |
222 | 大贼鸥 | catharacta skua | great skua |
223 | 短尾贼鸥 | stercorarius parasiticus | short-tailed skua |
224 | 长尾贼鸥 | stercorarius longicaudus | long-tailed skua |
鸥科 laridae (33) | |||
225 | 黑尾鸥 | larus crassirostris | black-tailed gull |
226 | 海鸥 | larus canus | common gull |
227 | 银鸥 | larus argentatus | herring gull |
228 | 灰背鸥 | larus schistisagus | slaty-backed gull |
229 | 灰翅鸥 | larus glaucescens | glaucous-winged gull |
230 | 北极鸥 | larus hyperboreus | glaucous gull |
231 | 渔鸥 | larus ichthyaetus | great black-headed gull |
232 | 遗鸥 | larus relictus | relict gull |
233 | 红嘴鸥 | larus ridibundus | black-headed gull |
234 | 棕头鸥 | larus brunnicephalus | brown-headed gull |
235 | 细嘴鸥 | larus genei | slender-billed gull |
236 | 小鸥 | larus minutus | little gull |
237 | 黑嘴鸥 | larus saundersi | saunder's gull |
238 | 三趾鸥 | rissa tridactyla | blacked-leggedkittiwake |
239 | 楔尾鸥 | rhodostethia rosea | wedge-tailed gull |
240 | 须浮鸥 | chlidonias hybrida | whiskered tern |
241 | 白翅浮鸥 | chlidonias leucoptera | white-winged black tern |
242 | 黑浮鸥 | chlidonias niger | black tern |
243 | 鸥嘴噪鸥 | gelochelidon nilotica | gull-billed tern |
244 | 红嘴巨鸥 | hydroprogne caspia | caspian tern |
245 | 黄嘴河燕鸥 | sterna aurantia | river tern |
246 | 普通燕鸥 | sterna hirundo | common tern |
247 | 粉红燕鸥 | sterna dougallii | roseate tern |
248 | 黑枕燕鸥 | sterna sumatrana | black-naped tern |
249 | 黑腹燕鸥 | sterna melanogaster | black-bellied tern |
250 | 褐翅燕鸥 | sterna anaethetus | brown-winged tern |
251 | 乌燕鸥 | sterna fuscata | sooty tern |
252 | 白额燕鸥 | sterna albifrons | little tern |
253 | 大凤头燕鸥 | thalasseus bergii | large crested tern |
254 | 小凤头燕鸥 | thalasseus bengalensis | little crested tern |
255 | 黑嘴端凤头燕鸥 | thalasseus bernsteini | chinese lesser crested tern |
256 | 白顶黑燕鸥 | anous stolidus | common noddy |
257 | 白燕鸥 | gygis alba | white tern |
剪嘴鸥科rynchopidae (1) | |||
258 | 剪嘴鸥 | rhynchops albicollis | indian skimmer |
海雀科alcidae(4) | |||
259 | 扁嘴海雀 | synthiboramphus antiquus | ancient murrelet |
260 | 斑海雀 | brachyramphus marmoratus | marbled murrelet |
261 | 角嘴海雀 | cerorhinca monocerata | hornbilled auklet |
262 | 冠海雀 | synthliboraphus antiqus | crested murrelet |
鴞形目strigiformes | |||
鸱鴞科 strigidae(3) | |||
263 | 毛腿渔鴞 | ketupa blakistoni | blackiston's fish owl |
264 | 褐渔鴞 | ketupa zeylonensis | brown fish owl |
265 | 黄脚渔鴞 | ketupa flavipes | tawny fish owl |
佛法僧目coraciiformes | |||
翠鸟科 aleedinidae(6) | |||
266 | 冠鱼狗 | ceryle lugubrus | crested piedkingfisher |
267 | 斑鱼狗 | ceryle rudis | lesser pied kingfisher |
268 | 普通翠鸟 | alcedo atthis | common kingfisher |
269 | 赤翡翠 | halcyon coromanda | ruddy kingfisher |
270 | 白胸翡翠 | halcyon smyrnensis | white-breasted kingfisher |
271 | 篮翡翠 | halcyon pileata | black-capped kingfisher |